As Dianne Skafte Essay

As Dianne Skafte expressed in her book, â€Å"All the lives structure the body of the Earth, and to that body all will return†. The earth is seen as the wellspring of existence with all the horticultural harvests it provides for support the living. Be that as it may, this very earth is likewise the home of the dead. Individuals in various pieces of the world plant their dead in the earth simply like the seeds of their harvests with the conviction that their cherished one will be conceived again as a renewed individual, live in the body of a creature, or remain in the black market. Something else, our people of old accepted that the spirits who were come back to the earth become insightful and that they gain the capacity to transform into telepaths who can see the future and subsequently offer direction to the individuals who are as yet living (Skafte 2000). This is the essential motivation behind why sorcery was continually utilized in the old style world. On the off chance that an individual chooses to contact the dead, the person will be able to know many shrouded things. The demonstration of sorcery falls under the umbrella of a wide range of mysterious divination rehearses. The term was established from the antiquated Greek language with the word ‘nekros’ meaning ‘corpse’ and ‘manteia’ or ‘prophesy’. Sorcery advanced through time and created a wide range of structures. Despite the fact that the Greeks may appear to be the progress that is constantly associated with the demonstration, calling the dead was very much rehearsed by various developments around the globe during these old style occasions such as the Romans, Asians, Medieval Europeans, and Egyptians (Helium. com). The individuals living in the old style times look exceptionally into their ‘necromaneias’ or the prophets of the dead. One well known demonstration of magic was the one that occurred in a slope collapse Epiris where the popular unbelievable legend Odysseus was said to have brought the dead at the spot so as to get some direction and data for his risky excursion to home. Despite the fact that the Odyssey is just an anecdotal story, Homer had the option to base his works from the real acts of the numerous Greek magicians that work during their time (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). The spot was additionally regularly associated with the venerating of the goddess of the black market, Persephone and the divine force of the dead, Hades. During the times of medieval and renaissance times in antiquated European history, the demonstration of sorcery is considered as an ordinary piece of the life of the individuals. There are different reasons why conjuring the dead is utilized. Shrewd men request help from the spirits of the withdrew so as to look for help in diagnosing the diseases and offering fixes to their patients. With regards to families, they frequently look for direction from their dead friends and family and request that they show up in their fantasies. It was additionally accepted that the spirits of the individuals who had as of now ‘crossed over to the next side’ have the uncommon capacity in finding missing people or even fortunes that have for quite some time been lost. Spirits likewise help uncover some mystery violations that have been submitted however were never given equity. The demonstration of sorcery was so prominently utilized and put stock in the old occasions that Catholic ministers were even accepted to have drilled the craftsmanship hundreds of years prior despite the fact that it was not straightforwardly examined in their history books of their places of worship. Old style inscriptions likewise report a portion of the sorcery demonstrations of well known logicians and researchers of the time. Case of this is the one portraying John Dee, a sixteenth century mathematician with an acclaimed sorcerer. In the image, the two were encompassed by an enchantment hover with indications of the zodiac and different images with a carcass before them. Another outline was that of the Edward Kelly, an Elizabethan chemist, and Paul Waring who are additionally secured by an enchantment circle while confronting a body that has ascended from the beginning. These portrayals were not fiction and were genuine occasions. The utilization of the enchanted circle that covers the two pictures referenced fills in as the assurance of the people from the powers of the soul they have called that is for the most part despondent and reluctant to collaborate (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). During these occasions, researchers requesting the direction and information on the dead were not considered as an exceptional marvel. During the old style times, Nobilities or the Christian ministry were the proficient individuals that make high society. It is accepted that either or both of these two gatherings were liable for the spreading and rehearsing of the sorcery regardless of the way that is was carefully prohibited in Christianity. Access to sorcery is a sort of act that must be open to the individuals who have a place with the researchers of Europe basically on account of reasons of availability, information, and the systems it use. Proof to this reality is the quantity of admissions that two or three Nobles and Clergy individuals communicated in regards to their involvement in the demonstration. A more intensive gander at the acts of magic additionally demonstrated that the methods are intently like Christian rituals. In expulsion cases in Christianity, the spirits or devils were powers away using the name of God, the Holy Spirit, or Jesus. This can be contrasted with the spells of magic which are like these ceremonies in complete resistance (Necromancy. com). There are additionally instances of magic written in the Holy Bible. One of these is that on Samuel, parts 28 and 31 that recount to the account of King Saul and his extreme aversion to David. In the story, he started questioning his choice of bringing David into his court on account of the latter’s magnetism in individuals and great abilities of being a warrior. The King lamented letting David enter his realm when he began to see that the individuals were at that point picking the youthful man’s side rather than his. During that time, the Philistines were additionally getting ready to assault. Out of franticness, King Saul masked and went to see a ‘seeress’ to assist him with reaching the dead. It will be noticed that the ruler has provided a request to oppress all soothsayers, wizards, and others that manage the powerful in this way the requirement for his camouflage as a typical man. After the lady was persuaded that she never have discipline for the solicitation, she went onto a stupor and related a dream to King Saul. As indicated by the vision, she saw divine beings climbing from the earth which all accumulated to frame a man who is secured by a long mantle. As Saul bowed to the ground, he at that point perceived the soul that had the lady as his perished prophet, Samuel. Be that as it may, the vision was not the finish of it. Samuel chastised the ruler for his insidious assaults of David and said the as a result of King Saul’s infringement of his pledge with the Lord, he will bite the dust the following day. The accompanying pass on, King Saul’s troopers were butchered and he mortally injured. Knowing his coming destiny, he chose to fall upon his own blade (Skafte 2000). Another case of sorcery referenced in the holy book was in Aeschylus’ Persians. In here, the sorcery technique comprised of Queen Atossa requesting that the Persian older folks call Darius from his grave. The Queen brought a few festoons of milk and various contributions like milk, nectar, water, and unmixed wine and oil. The seniors followed the queen’s demand and called upon the expired King requesting ground-breaking passing divine beings like Hades to send his spirit even with earth. When King Darius was effectively brought, he portrayed the beating of the ground and the impact of the calls of the ‘necromantic cries’ on dead individuals like him (Bremmer 2002). This scholarly depiction underpins the antiquated convictions about the two inquiries that are normally referenced by the spirits called through magic. The first is about the encounters and obscure mysteries of the expired while they are as yet living and the second, who is portrayed by this story, are the relating of the spirits of the fleeting and mysterious things they’ve learned after ‘crossing over’. There are numerous dangers in calling the dead. One of these is through the point of view of Christians who censure the utilization of the demonstration. As indicated by this side, the procuring of information from the dead is precluded in light of the fact that it was not data that God restricted to be discharged. Concurring Christianity laws, there are just two authentic wellsprings of data that the living can utilize. These are the things that are uncovered by the Lord and those that gathered through a characteristic sort of disclosure. Just stated, utilizing magic to know privileged insights from the dead is additionally identical to taking prohibited data. Second, spirits are not creatures that individuals can just call and order. The specialty of magic is partitioned into two unique stages, the first is the calling of the soul and the second is convincing it to do the offer of the warlock. Since the spirits of the dead aren’t quite ready to be called and requested, there is an extraordinary hazard for the warlock and his collaborator to be assaulted by the previous if they’re otherworldly boundary isn't unreasonably solid (Necromancy 101. com). Additionally, demonstrations of magic ought to have very much characterized intentions on the grounds that else it will be considered as works of obscurity, essentially for the narrow minded impulses of the individual who needs to ‘call’ and can likewise end up being hazardous for the wellbeing and reason of the sorcerer and his colleague. In magic methodology of traditional occasions, sorcerers are compelled to exact torment on the spirits they call just to drive the last to tail them. Because of these, the spirits are generally extremely miserable towards the people, uplifting the likelihood of them to become violent.Thus, there is an incredible hazard that joins the significant insider facts a soul may uncover (Spence 1960). Book reference: Bremmer, Jan N. 2002. The ascent and fall of life following death: The 1995 Read-Tuckwell Lectures at the University of Bristol. Routledge. DeWaay, Bob. 200

Remilitarization of the Rhineland :: essays research papers

Question 23 23.     With despots, nothing succeeds like achievement. That perception, by Adolf Hitler, isn't as trite as it sounds. Hitler was alluding to his own effective remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936. Before he moved into the Rhineland, Hitler was safely "in his box". As per the Versailles Treaty and the Locarno settlement of 1926, Germany had been compelled to keep this domain neutralized as an assurance against reestablished animosity; futhermore, an unguarded Rhineland left Germany exposed to a French assault. From the German perspective, this was not "fair"; it abused German sway. However, it was the value Germany paid for attacking France and the low nations in 1914. What's more, it was the top on the case that contained Hitler's terrific key desire.      In March of 1936 Hitler chose to roll the shakers and take an incredibly hazardous endeavor (Goff. 235). Hitler's purpose behind moving into the Rhinland was a confirmation one month sooner of a shared help settlement among France and Russia that he felt was focused on Germany (Medlicott 84-90, 110). Hitler refered to the common non-aggresion agreement as abusing and in this way refuting the Locarno Treaty (Winton 1). Hitler was frail. Germany was all the while battling through the Depression and Germany's military were still fit as a fiddle, pitifully outgunned by the French. Had the French armed force reacted in power to the remilitarization, had it essentially walked into the Rhineland, Hitler would have needed to withdraw. Hitler later pronounced "If the French had then walked into the Rhineland, we would have needed to pull back with our tails between our legs" (Goff 236). A retreat on the German part would have meant breakdown, conceivably the breakdown of Hitler's standard. Be that as it may, Hitler felt the French would be hesitant and not follow up on his move...and he was correct.      The militarization of the Rhineland was a hard impact to French security. It rendered useless the guarantees of military guide by France to her eastern European partners Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania if any of them were assaulted by Germany (Medlicott 84-90, 110) .There were various reasons why France and Great Britain didn't fight back, yet the most common are as per the following:                1. an authentic disdain for war by the individuals who recollected WWI. This was accompinied           by a non-eager mentality toward substantial military spending.               &nb sp;          2. a, maybe, repentful mentality by Britain toward Germany since they believed they           were managed too cruelly at Versailles; in this way their longing for update was                understandable.

Events of Emergency Services Essay - 1375 Words

Events of Emergency Services (Essay Sample) Content: EVENTS OF EMERGENCY SERVICESNameInstitution affiliationEVENTS OF EMERGENCY SERVICESDistressing events that police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians are exposed to and the potential psychological impactsIntroductionAt present, in the United States, places considered to be safe environments have turned out to be battlefields. No longer are churches, business places, homes, or schools considered safe from aggressive acts of violence. Furthermore, our social order is experiencing an alarming increase in child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, homicides, highway deaths and injuries. The repercussion of these disturbing events is having an adverse and devastating reaction on each and every one. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the police service, firefighters, and the emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Their day by day experience with these highly stressing and life-threatening events is affecting them emotionally, mentally, and physically. In addition, heart attack, substance abuse, and divorce rates in these occupations are amongst the highest in the United States. Efforts have been made to attend to some vital needs of these servants of the community. Nevertheless, there is lack of prospects to deal with job-related stress in addition to grief and personal trauma for these servants, their families, and their different departments. Majority of this emergency providers do not have training on how to deal with stress and this makes them at high risk of exhaustion and emotional unrest. Therefore, without intercession emotional and mental fatigue might rapidly lead to a model of negative affective responses. This makes these providers to be unsatisfied with their jobs and this reduces their performance and productivity and these increases turnover and absenteeism. This paper will talk about the traumatic events that emergency service providers are exposed to and how they impact their physiological and physical wellbeing. F inally, it will discuss on the possible solutions to these negative impacts on the lives of our emergency providers.Events of emergency servicesEmergency medical services technicians, firefighters and the police should be able to cope with a range of job-related stressors. One important stressor for all these emergency service providers is the exposure to personally distressing incidents (PDIs). These PDIs have adverse effects on the physical and mental wellbeing of these providers. Some lead to long-term effects that may cause disability and others may lead to death. The police service is recognized worldwide as one of most stressful and dangerous occupations. The police are frequently exposed to critical incidents also known as potentially traumatic situations, like witnessing violent deaths, motor vehicle crashes, and armed confrontations. In addition, fear-correlated adrenergic activation which is often triggered by terror during the threat causes greater over consolidation of t raumatic memories and fear conditioning, both drawn in posttraumatic stress disorder pathogenesis. These and other regular exposure puts the police officers at risk of contracting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies show that the incidence of present duty related PTSD in police officers varies between 7% and 19%. This is alarming since close to one million Americans are serving in the law enforcement services and more of them are recruitment so as to curb the numerous terror attack in the nation ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "1051-9815", "ISSN" : "1051-9815", "PMID" : "17429146", "abstract" : "Police officers face the occupational hazard of repeated exposure to traumatic stressors. Additionally, as for employees of any large organization, they are subjected to routine organizational stressors in the workplace. Although police work is generally believed to be inherently stressful, very little is known of the impa ct of the police organization upon officers' psychological well-being. This study evaluated the impact on psychological health of both traumatic and organizational police experiences. Baseline measures of prior traumatic experiences, and psychological health were established at point of entry for 512 police recruits. One year later, the impact of police related trauma and organizational events was assessed. Multiple regression analyses determined that while both traumatic events and organizational stressors affected psychological distress, organizational stressors had the strongest effect, including the exacerbation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. The main implication of these findings is that traumatic stress is a hazard for police officers, but the importance of daily organizational stressors must also be taken into account.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Huddleston", "given" : "Lynne", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix " : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Stephens", "given" : "Christine", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Paton", "given" : "Douglas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Work (Reading, Mass.)", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "page" : "199-207", "title" : "An evaluation of traumatic and organizational experiences on the psychological health of New Zealand police recruits.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "28" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=28ed5e83-d46b-49bc-a07a-1db5a3c1015c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-lan guage/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007).Moreover, firefighting is also among one of the most emotionally traumatic and life-threatening occupations. The high stress levels that these firefighters encounter frequently might lead to PTSD, emotional problems, physical illness, poor inter-family affiliations, chemical dependency, and divorce. The lack of support from the public and compassion by business officials, government agencies, and the citizens for the dangers these firefighters go through and the common negative editorial reporting by the media adds to their level of anxiety. In addition, these firefighters are not equipped with any support or training on how to manage psychologically with traumatic stress. Even though there are some advances in the fire prevention technology like sprinkler systems, smoke detectors, and flame retardant building materials, firefighting as an occupation is still considered highly stressful and hazardous. T hey are still at a greater risk of death and injury that any other professions due to the intense heat and flames, "flammable, poisonous, or explosive chemicals and gases, or other harmful materials. Moreover, firefighters are usually the first to arrive at suicidal scenes, violence scenes like school shooting, bombings, rapes, and assault, among others, and accident scenes ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1037/a0026414", "ISBN" : "1541-1559\r1939-148X", "ISSN" : "1541-1559", "PMID" : "22449083", "abstract" : "Firefighters are exposed to a range of potentially traumatic stressors, yet studies examining the impact of this exposure are equivocal. Although some studies suggest increased risk for mental health problems, others suggest unusual resilience. Type of assessment methodology may contribute to the lack of consistent findings. We assessed 142 trauma-exposed, professional firefighters utilizing a standardized clinical intervie w and self-report measures and found low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses (4.2%), and depressive, anxiety, and alcohol-abuse symptoms. Frequency of trauma exposure did not predict psychological symptoms. Perceived social support, occupational stress, coping, as well as the interaction between perceived social support and self-blame were significant predictors of symptoms. Firefighters reporting low-perceived social support and high self-blame demonstrated the highest levels of clinically significant symptoms. These findings may inform education, treatment, and resilience training for emergency personnel.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Meyer", "given" : "Eric C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zimering", "given" : "Rose", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Daly", "given" : "Erin", "non -dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Knight", "given" : "Jeffrey", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamholz", "given" : "Barbara W.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gulliver", "given" : "Suzy Bird", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Psychological Services", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "1-15", "title" : "Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms in trauma-exposed firefighters.", "type" : "article", "volume" : "9" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=2b138a38-2dd6-4114-ad3e-f8c9138e7446" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Meyer et al., 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Meyer et al., 201...

Children At Risk For Late Onset Diseases - 3939 Words

Many parents claim that they should have the right to have their children tested for any late-onset diseases if that child is at risk. The professional consensus of most medical professionals (Kopelman), do not agree and claim that testing children for late-onset diseases not only affects the child in a negative manner, but also negatively influences the parents’ relationship with that specific child (Davis). I argue that children at risk for late-onset disorders, such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease, should not be tested for such genetic markers at the request of their parents. The decision to test a child for a late-onset disease restricts the child’s right to an open future (Davis). These diseases will affect that child as an adult and, as an adult, the child should have the right to choose for themselves whether they want to be tested or not. Not only does testing children for late-onset diseases restrict the child’s future, but it also leaves a significant impact on the child to parent relationship which is vital for development throughout the early stages of life (Davis). Oftentimes, the parents find themselves treating a â€Å"diseased† or â€Å"affected† child with more care and precaution in comparison to their other children (Kopelman), as if the â€Å"diseased† child is fragile. However, parents who claim late-onset disease testing for their children should be an option also have strong objections to this professional consensus. Objections include the idea that theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Group B Streptoccus In Neonates1051 Words   |  5 Pagesinvasive infection (VanMeter, 2016, pg.389). Some risk factors may include premature labor, water breaking 18 hours before delivery and a high fever during labor. 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Constrast and Comparison of Gandhi, Malcolm X, and Martin...

Violence/Nonviolence Violence is an unjust and unwarranted exertion of force or power. It is a tactic to abuse or violate another being. Many people have thought this notion wrong and used nonviolent methods to go against their oppressor and successfully overcome them. Some of these individuals are Gandhi, M.L. King, and Malcolm X. Mohandas Gandhi was such a pious individual and used only nonviolence (ahimsa) to gain recognition and defeat his usurpers. His first concept was known as the law of love, the force of nonviolence is infinitely more wonderful and subtle than the material forces of nature, like, for instance, electricity (Pg. 626, 2nd paragraph on column 2). Gandhi explains that spiritual love runs like electricity.†¦show more content†¦All three of these individuals believe that if there is unjust done to individuals, they have the right and take the opportunity to do something about it rather than sit down and do nothing. They all care about individuals rights are willing to show a path for people to follow in order for others to save themselves. Despite their similar beliefs that individuals should win victory over their oppressors, I mostly agree with Martin Luther Kings position. The use of agape and an individual being able to win double victory is really outstanding and seems very logi cal. Although King created concepts extracted from the teachings of Gandhi, he had also used methods of Jesus. Gandhi talks about his law of love and cycle of violence, but doesnt stress on the notion of the sacredness of life. King, on the other hand, explains the difference between love and like and how a person disrespects themselves if they cannot respect others. Malcolm X is a whole other story next to Martin Luther King. Both these men have different views on how to approach the oppressor. King believes we must love all human beings even if they commit bad deeds and individuals must think with good means to have better ends. Malcolm, on the other hand, says its okay to fight back to bring justice if injustice was done to them. I, myself, am one of those individuals who wouldnt act violently towards others even in

Lebanon Essay Example For Students

Lebanon Essay LebanonLebanon, a nation that once proudly called itself the Switzerland of the MiddleEast, is today a country in name only. Its government controls little more thanhalf of the nations capital, Beirut. Its once-vibrant economy is a shambles. And its society is fragmented so fragmented, some believe, that it may beimpossible to re-create a unified state responsive to the needs of all itsvaried peoples. Lebanon lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranea n Sea, in that part ofsouthwestern Asia known as the Middle East. Because of its location at thecrossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa Lebanon has been the center of commerceand trade for thousands of years. It has also been on the route of numerousconquering armies. With an area of 4,015 square miles, Lebanon is one of the smallest countries inthe Middle East. It is smaller than every state in the United States exceptDelaware, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Lebanon is sandwiched between Syria inthe north and east and Israel in the south. The maximum distance from thenations northern border to the southern one is only 130 miles. And the maximumdistance from the Mediterranean Sea to the Lebanon-Syria border is 50 miles. Inthe south, along the border with Israel, Lebanons eastern border is only 20miles from the sea. Although a tiny land, Lebanon boasts a great diversity in its landscape whichmakes it one of the most picturesque countries in the world. The coast line isbr oken by many bays and inlets of varying size. At some points, the mountainswade silently right into the sea then climb suddenly tier on tier away fromthe Mediterranean to the sky. Because of the limitation of flat agriculturalland, all but the steepest hillsides have been patiently and neatly terraced andplanted with garlands of twisted grapevines. The mountains lend a great varietyof hues pale pink, rosy red, forest green or deep purple to the landscape. Depending on the time of day, they never appear the same twice, and from time totime whipped white clouds hide all except their snow-capped peaks. Even on thedarkest night, the lights of the villages perched on the mountains shine insmall clusters as a reminder of their presence. On c loser view, the mountainsbecome a jumble of giant gorges, many of them over a thousand feet deep, withrocky cliffs, steep ravines and awesome valleys. These unassailable bastionshave offered a secure hideaway, throughout history, for hermits and persecutedgroups seeking refuge. Lebanon has four distinct geographical regions: a narrow but fertile coastalplain; two roughly parallel mountain ranges that run the full length of thecountry the Lebanon, which rises in the west to an alpine hei ght of 11,000feet while the eastern range, the anti-Lebanon, is crowned magestically by thesnow-capped Mount Hermon at 9,232 feet. The two chains of mountains shelterbetween them a well-cultivated plateau extending seventy miles in length andfifteen miles in width. This tableland is called the Bekaa. This is a fertilestrip of land 110 miles long and six to ten miles wide. Zahle, the third largestcity in the country, is in the valley. The countrys two most important rivers,the Litani and the Orontes, rise in the northern Bekaa near Baalbek, a city thatdates to Roman times. The Litani flows southwest through the Bekaa Valley andthen empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Its waters are used forirrigation, so it becomes a mere tr ickle by the time it gets to the s ea. TheOrontes rises not far from the Litani, but it flows northward between the twomountain ranges, wending its way into Syria. Beyond the Bekaa and the anti-Lebanon mountains, the Syrian desert only stretches east f or about 800 miles tothe valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This geography has been adetermining factor for millenia in keeping Lebanon turned toward the West. The landscape cannot be described without mentioning the most celebrated tree of Lebanon, the cedar. Called by the Lebanese Cedar of the Lord, this famedtree retains somewhat of a sacred aura this day. It has become the symbol ofLebanon and appears in the center of the flag, on the coins, and often onpostage stamps. Since an cient times the cedar constituted a valuable exportwhich provided King Solomon with timber for the construction of his Temple, thePhoenicians with wood for their seafaring galleys , the Egyptians with lumberfor their palaces. Unhappily only a few grov es of these stately trees havesurvived the ax of the builder, the seeker of fuel, or the hunger of goats. Cedars generally grow on the highest mountain tops so it is not surprising tofind an ancient grove of 450 trees nestled under the highest peak. Th is grove,the only remaining large one, may be seen as small dark specks on the bare faceof the mountain side from a distance of many miles. A few of the existing treesmay be 1,000 years old, and it is estimated that twenty of them have grown formore than 400 years. The largest measure about twelve feet in circumference,eighty feet in height and their branches spread an unbelievable 100 feet. Ethics and elsewhere EssayAnother major Moslem force in the country and a constant threat to it arethe 500,000 Palestinian refugees and the remnants of the PLO. Their le ader,Yassir Arafat, and thousands of his troops were forced out of Beirut by theIsraelis in 1982 and out of Tripoli by Syrian-backed PLO dissidents in 1983. Thedissident PLO forces no longer recognize Arafat as their leader because of hislack of mili tancy in the fight with Israel. The Syrians, in addition tocontrolling these dissident members of the PLO, also control the 3,500-manPalistine Liberation Army. The Christians, who in 1932 made up a majority of the Lebanese population, arenow only about 44 percent of the population. The largest Christian sect andthus far the dominant one in the nations political and economic life are theMaronites. They number about 580,000 and make up 38 percent of the Christianpopulation and 17 percent of the national population. The Phalange party, headed by Pierre Gemayel, is the most important Maronitepolitical group. The Phalangist militia is the largest of the Christian militias. It controls East Beirut, the area along the coast just north of the capital, andsome areas in southern and central Lebanon. This militia has been heavily armedby the Israelis. Each of these peoples has played an important role in Lebanese history. Moslemsand Christians have lived in harmony for long period s of time, but they havefrequently engaged in bitter warfare, much as we are seeing today. For nearly a decade this hapless nation has suffered continuous civil war amongits various religious and ethnic groups. It has been invaded twice by Israel,which now controls all of southern Lebanon, and it has been occupied by Syria,which controls most of eastern and northern Lebanon. Nearly 500,000 Palestinians refugees from the Arab-Israeli wars live in Lebanon, where they have formeda state with in a state. And a succession of peacekeeping forces Arab,United Nations, and Western have not only failed to establish peace, but haveexacerbated the already horrific situation. Why havent the Lebanese people been able to put aside their sec tariandifferences to work toward a stable government that represents all of thepeople? The complete answer to this question lies deep within the unique historyof Lebanon. In 1943, the year that France, which ruled Lebanon as a League ofNations manda te, reluctantly gave the nation its independance. As independenceapproached, the nations two most populous and powerful sects, the Maronites andthe Sunnis, formulated what is known as the National Pact an unwrittenagreement that spelled out the cou ntrys political makeup as well as itsgeneral orientation in foreign affairs. The National Pact allocated political power to Lebanons religious sects on thebasis of population. The census in 1932 showed that the Christians had themajority with j ust over 50 percent of the population. As a result, it wasagreed that the President of Lebanon would always be a Maronite Christian andthe prime minister would always be a Sunni Moslem. Other important positionswere given to other sects. The Preside nt of the Chamber of Deputies, forexample, would always be a Shiite Moslem and the defense minister would be aDruse. In addition, the Christians were to have six seats in Parliment for everyfive seats held by Moslems. This system guaranteed the Maron ite Christianscontrol of Lebanon. This system worked well enough for fifteen years. From 1943 until 1958 thenations economy boomed and Beirut was transformed into the showcase city of theMediterranean. The government seemed stable enough, but th ere were problemsboiling beneath the surface and in the mid-1950s the system began to come apart. For one thing, the Moslems, especially the poorer Shiites, had a substantiallyhigher birthrate than the Christians; many people believed that the Shiites hadsurpassed the Maronites in population. But the Christians would not allow a newcensus to be taken, for this would have meant a reallocation of the nationspolitical power, with the Moslem sects gaining at the expense of the Christians. With their hopes for political gains dampened, the Shiites became disenchanted. Why is this once prosperous nation on the verge of total collapse? There are anumber of reasons, but the primary one is that the Lebanese people belong to atleast fifteen differe nt religious sects and their loyalty to these sects isgreater than their loyalty to a united Lebanon. Had the peoples sense ofnationhood been stronger, they would not have suffered the destruction of thepast decade. History

Zulu Clan Essays - Zulu People, Shaka, Mfecane, Zulu Language

Zulu Clan In the 1820's, during a period of social unrest and warfare, the Zulu clan, a Bantu people, rose to political prominence under the great King Shaka in present-day South Africa. This period is called mfecane, or crushing because it was characterized by Shaka's tyrannous reign during which he conquered neighboring peoples and established a kingdom for the Zulu people on South Africa's eastern coast. The word zulu was used in 1824 to refer to a war-like race of South African Blacks. (Ngubane, 1977) The British characterization of Shaka as a monster, however, is now seen as a propagandist attempt to disguise their own interests in procuring land and labor in the region. In fact, much of the violent disruption and displacement of people was probably due to European intervention with the slave trade and their demands for land, cattle. Nonetheless, Shaka is called by many the Black Napoleon because of his short-lived, but impressive, period of glory. This period of greatness came to an end with the eventual defeat of King Shaka and the annexation of the Zulu kingdom to Natal, the British state on the eastern coast. (Ngubane, 1977) The Zulu people are now enmeshed in South Africa's modern, industrial economy and society, with the largest population of them still in the region of KwaZulu Natal on the eastern coast. There has been an adaptation of traditional beliefs to allow for Christian, medical, agricultural, mechanical and other rational, scientific approaches of the Europeans. However, despite the cultural diffusion of Western thought and religion among the Zulu people, traditional thinking, according to Berglund (1976), is not only still very much present in Zulu society, but is receiving more and more attention especially by those who live in rural areas. Perhaps the survival of indigenous belief systems is due in part to the fact that in times of crisis, people turn to tradition as a comfort and as a means of unifying themselves. Considering the social trauma associated with colonialism and apartheid the Zulu responded by clinging more tenaciously to their heritage as a means of psychological survival in a society which systematically degraded and disrespected them as a people. Berglund (1976) points out that it is the rituals and symbols of a society which express the relationships between members of that society and makes living in that society a meaningful experience. The focus of this paper will be centered on traditional Zulu spiritual beliefs and, to whatever extent possible, not those adapted to Western thought. In providing first the basic cosmological beliefs and then moving on to the central theme of traditional spiritual beliefs involving deceased ancestors and their role in Zulu society, my goal will be to demonstrate how social harmony is maintained as a result of the observance of these spiritual beliefs and practices. According to traditional belief, uMveliqangi, the Lord of the Sky, emerged full-blown from the reeds in the realm of the sky. Man later emerged from the reeds and was let down to earth through a hole in the floor of the sky. This explains the origin of the Zulu clan name, zulu meaning of the sky. The Lord of the Sky then sent a chameleon down to earth to tell the people that they will not die. Later on, he sent a lizard to tell the people they will die and, since the chameleon had stopped to feed on some berries along the way, the lizard easily overtook him and delivered his message of death first. When the chameleon later arrived, the people wouldn't believe him and thus, humans are mortal. (Ngubane, 1977) The traditional concept of the sky is interesting, according to myth the sky is a big blue rock stretched across the surface of the earth (which is flat). The earth is held up on the horns of four great bulls who at times, cause earthquakes by shaking their heads. The realm of the sky is believed to have perpetual light which filters through the floor of the sky at night (we see these holes of light as stars). These holes are made by the Lord of the Sky's cattle as they tramp on muddy ground during the rainy season. This is regarded as proof