As Dianne Skafte Essay

As Dianne Skafte expressed in her book, â€Å"All the lives structure the body of the Earth, and to that body all will return†. The earth is seen as the wellspring of existence with all the horticultural harvests it provides for support the living. Be that as it may, this very earth is likewise the home of the dead. Individuals in various pieces of the world plant their dead in the earth simply like the seeds of their harvests with the conviction that their cherished one will be conceived again as a renewed individual, live in the body of a creature, or remain in the black market. Something else, our people of old accepted that the spirits who were come back to the earth become insightful and that they gain the capacity to transform into telepaths who can see the future and subsequently offer direction to the individuals who are as yet living (Skafte 2000). This is the essential motivation behind why sorcery was continually utilized in the old style world. On the off chance that an individual chooses to contact the dead, the person will be able to know many shrouded things. The demonstration of sorcery falls under the umbrella of a wide range of mysterious divination rehearses. The term was established from the antiquated Greek language with the word ‘nekros’ meaning ‘corpse’ and ‘manteia’ or ‘prophesy’. Sorcery advanced through time and created a wide range of structures. Despite the fact that the Greeks may appear to be the progress that is constantly associated with the demonstration, calling the dead was very much rehearsed by various developments around the globe during these old style occasions such as the Romans, Asians, Medieval Europeans, and Egyptians (Helium. com). The individuals living in the old style times look exceptionally into their ‘necromaneias’ or the prophets of the dead. One well known demonstration of magic was the one that occurred in a slope collapse Epiris where the popular unbelievable legend Odysseus was said to have brought the dead at the spot so as to get some direction and data for his risky excursion to home. Despite the fact that the Odyssey is just an anecdotal story, Homer had the option to base his works from the real acts of the numerous Greek magicians that work during their time (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). The spot was additionally regularly associated with the venerating of the goddess of the black market, Persephone and the divine force of the dead, Hades. During the times of medieval and renaissance times in antiquated European history, the demonstration of sorcery is considered as an ordinary piece of the life of the individuals. There are different reasons why conjuring the dead is utilized. Shrewd men request help from the spirits of the withdrew so as to look for help in diagnosing the diseases and offering fixes to their patients. With regards to families, they frequently look for direction from their dead friends and family and request that they show up in their fantasies. It was additionally accepted that the spirits of the individuals who had as of now ‘crossed over to the next side’ have the uncommon capacity in finding missing people or even fortunes that have for quite some time been lost. Spirits likewise help uncover some mystery violations that have been submitted however were never given equity. The demonstration of sorcery was so prominently utilized and put stock in the old occasions that Catholic ministers were even accepted to have drilled the craftsmanship hundreds of years prior despite the fact that it was not straightforwardly examined in their history books of their places of worship. Old style inscriptions likewise report a portion of the sorcery demonstrations of well known logicians and researchers of the time. Case of this is the one portraying John Dee, a sixteenth century mathematician with an acclaimed sorcerer. In the image, the two were encompassed by an enchantment hover with indications of the zodiac and different images with a carcass before them. Another outline was that of the Edward Kelly, an Elizabethan chemist, and Paul Waring who are additionally secured by an enchantment circle while confronting a body that has ascended from the beginning. These portrayals were not fiction and were genuine occasions. The utilization of the enchanted circle that covers the two pictures referenced fills in as the assurance of the people from the powers of the soul they have called that is for the most part despondent and reluctant to collaborate (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). During these occasions, researchers requesting the direction and information on the dead were not considered as an exceptional marvel. During the old style times, Nobilities or the Christian ministry were the proficient individuals that make high society. It is accepted that either or both of these two gatherings were liable for the spreading and rehearsing of the sorcery regardless of the way that is was carefully prohibited in Christianity. Access to sorcery is a sort of act that must be open to the individuals who have a place with the researchers of Europe basically on account of reasons of availability, information, and the systems it use. Proof to this reality is the quantity of admissions that two or three Nobles and Clergy individuals communicated in regards to their involvement in the demonstration. A more intensive gander at the acts of magic additionally demonstrated that the methods are intently like Christian rituals. In expulsion cases in Christianity, the spirits or devils were powers away using the name of God, the Holy Spirit, or Jesus. This can be contrasted with the spells of magic which are like these ceremonies in complete resistance (Necromancy. com). There are additionally instances of magic written in the Holy Bible. One of these is that on Samuel, parts 28 and 31 that recount to the account of King Saul and his extreme aversion to David. In the story, he started questioning his choice of bringing David into his court on account of the latter’s magnetism in individuals and great abilities of being a warrior. The King lamented letting David enter his realm when he began to see that the individuals were at that point picking the youthful man’s side rather than his. During that time, the Philistines were additionally getting ready to assault. Out of franticness, King Saul masked and went to see a ‘seeress’ to assist him with reaching the dead. It will be noticed that the ruler has provided a request to oppress all soothsayers, wizards, and others that manage the powerful in this way the requirement for his camouflage as a typical man. After the lady was persuaded that she never have discipline for the solicitation, she went onto a stupor and related a dream to King Saul. As indicated by the vision, she saw divine beings climbing from the earth which all accumulated to frame a man who is secured by a long mantle. As Saul bowed to the ground, he at that point perceived the soul that had the lady as his perished prophet, Samuel. Be that as it may, the vision was not the finish of it. Samuel chastised the ruler for his insidious assaults of David and said the as a result of King Saul’s infringement of his pledge with the Lord, he will bite the dust the following day. The accompanying pass on, King Saul’s troopers were butchered and he mortally injured. Knowing his coming destiny, he chose to fall upon his own blade (Skafte 2000). Another case of sorcery referenced in the holy book was in Aeschylus’ Persians. In here, the sorcery technique comprised of Queen Atossa requesting that the Persian older folks call Darius from his grave. The Queen brought a few festoons of milk and various contributions like milk, nectar, water, and unmixed wine and oil. The seniors followed the queen’s demand and called upon the expired King requesting ground-breaking passing divine beings like Hades to send his spirit even with earth. When King Darius was effectively brought, he portrayed the beating of the ground and the impact of the calls of the ‘necromantic cries’ on dead individuals like him (Bremmer 2002). This scholarly depiction underpins the antiquated convictions about the two inquiries that are normally referenced by the spirits called through magic. The first is about the encounters and obscure mysteries of the expired while they are as yet living and the second, who is portrayed by this story, are the relating of the spirits of the fleeting and mysterious things they’ve learned after ‘crossing over’. There are numerous dangers in calling the dead. One of these is through the point of view of Christians who censure the utilization of the demonstration. As indicated by this side, the procuring of information from the dead is precluded in light of the fact that it was not data that God restricted to be discharged. Concurring Christianity laws, there are just two authentic wellsprings of data that the living can utilize. These are the things that are uncovered by the Lord and those that gathered through a characteristic sort of disclosure. Just stated, utilizing magic to know privileged insights from the dead is additionally identical to taking prohibited data. Second, spirits are not creatures that individuals can just call and order. The specialty of magic is partitioned into two unique stages, the first is the calling of the soul and the second is convincing it to do the offer of the warlock. Since the spirits of the dead aren’t quite ready to be called and requested, there is an extraordinary hazard for the warlock and his collaborator to be assaulted by the previous if they’re otherworldly boundary isn't unreasonably solid (Necromancy 101. com). Additionally, demonstrations of magic ought to have very much characterized intentions on the grounds that else it will be considered as works of obscurity, essentially for the narrow minded impulses of the individual who needs to ‘call’ and can likewise end up being hazardous for the wellbeing and reason of the sorcerer and his colleague. In magic methodology of traditional occasions, sorcerers are compelled to exact torment on the spirits they call just to drive the last to tail them. Because of these, the spirits are generally extremely miserable towards the people, uplifting the likelihood of them to become violent.Thus, there is an incredible hazard that joins the significant insider facts a soul may uncover (Spence 1960). Book reference: Bremmer, Jan N. 2002. The ascent and fall of life following death: The 1995 Read-Tuckwell Lectures at the University of Bristol. Routledge. DeWaay, Bob. 200

Remilitarization of the Rhineland :: essays research papers

Question 23 23.     With despots, nothing succeeds like achievement. That perception, by Adolf Hitler, isn't as trite as it sounds. Hitler was alluding to his own effective remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936. Before he moved into the Rhineland, Hitler was safely "in his box". As per the Versailles Treaty and the Locarno settlement of 1926, Germany had been compelled to keep this domain neutralized as an assurance against reestablished animosity; futhermore, an unguarded Rhineland left Germany exposed to a French assault. From the German perspective, this was not "fair"; it abused German sway. However, it was the value Germany paid for attacking France and the low nations in 1914. What's more, it was the top on the case that contained Hitler's terrific key desire.      In March of 1936 Hitler chose to roll the shakers and take an incredibly hazardous endeavor (Goff. 235). Hitler's purpose behind moving into the Rhinland was a confirmation one month sooner of a shared help settlement among France and Russia that he felt was focused on Germany (Medlicott 84-90, 110). Hitler refered to the common non-aggresion agreement as abusing and in this way refuting the Locarno Treaty (Winton 1). Hitler was frail. Germany was all the while battling through the Depression and Germany's military were still fit as a fiddle, pitifully outgunned by the French. Had the French armed force reacted in power to the remilitarization, had it essentially walked into the Rhineland, Hitler would have needed to withdraw. Hitler later pronounced "If the French had then walked into the Rhineland, we would have needed to pull back with our tails between our legs" (Goff 236). A retreat on the German part would have meant breakdown, conceivably the breakdown of Hitler's standard. Be that as it may, Hitler felt the French would be hesitant and not follow up on his move...and he was correct.      The militarization of the Rhineland was a hard impact to French security. It rendered useless the guarantees of military guide by France to her eastern European partners Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania if any of them were assaulted by Germany (Medlicott 84-90, 110) .There were various reasons why France and Great Britain didn't fight back, yet the most common are as per the following:                1. an authentic disdain for war by the individuals who recollected WWI. This was accompinied           by a non-eager mentality toward substantial military spending.               &nb sp;          2. a, maybe, repentful mentality by Britain toward Germany since they believed they           were managed too cruelly at Versailles; in this way their longing for update was                understandable.

Events of Emergency Services Essay - 1375 Words

Events of Emergency Services (Essay Sample) Content: EVENTS OF EMERGENCY SERVICESNameInstitution affiliationEVENTS OF EMERGENCY SERVICESDistressing events that police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians are exposed to and the potential psychological impactsIntroductionAt present, in the United States, places considered to be safe environments have turned out to be battlefields. No longer are churches, business places, homes, or schools considered safe from aggressive acts of violence. Furthermore, our social order is experiencing an alarming increase in child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, homicides, highway deaths and injuries. The repercussion of these disturbing events is having an adverse and devastating reaction on each and every one. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the police service, firefighters, and the emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Their day by day experience with these highly stressing and life-threatening events is affecting them emotionally, mentally, and physically. In addition, heart attack, substance abuse, and divorce rates in these occupations are amongst the highest in the United States. Efforts have been made to attend to some vital needs of these servants of the community. Nevertheless, there is lack of prospects to deal with job-related stress in addition to grief and personal trauma for these servants, their families, and their different departments. Majority of this emergency providers do not have training on how to deal with stress and this makes them at high risk of exhaustion and emotional unrest. Therefore, without intercession emotional and mental fatigue might rapidly lead to a model of negative affective responses. This makes these providers to be unsatisfied with their jobs and this reduces their performance and productivity and these increases turnover and absenteeism. This paper will talk about the traumatic events that emergency service providers are exposed to and how they impact their physiological and physical wellbeing. F inally, it will discuss on the possible solutions to these negative impacts on the lives of our emergency providers.Events of emergency servicesEmergency medical services technicians, firefighters and the police should be able to cope with a range of job-related stressors. One important stressor for all these emergency service providers is the exposure to personally distressing incidents (PDIs). These PDIs have adverse effects on the physical and mental wellbeing of these providers. Some lead to long-term effects that may cause disability and others may lead to death. The police service is recognized worldwide as one of most stressful and dangerous occupations. The police are frequently exposed to critical incidents also known as potentially traumatic situations, like witnessing violent deaths, motor vehicle crashes, and armed confrontations. In addition, fear-correlated adrenergic activation which is often triggered by terror during the threat causes greater over consolidation of t raumatic memories and fear conditioning, both drawn in posttraumatic stress disorder pathogenesis. These and other regular exposure puts the police officers at risk of contracting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies show that the incidence of present duty related PTSD in police officers varies between 7% and 19%. This is alarming since close to one million Americans are serving in the law enforcement services and more of them are recruitment so as to curb the numerous terror attack in the nation ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "1051-9815", "ISSN" : "1051-9815", "PMID" : "17429146", "abstract" : "Police officers face the occupational hazard of repeated exposure to traumatic stressors. Additionally, as for employees of any large organization, they are subjected to routine organizational stressors in the workplace. Although police work is generally believed to be inherently stressful, very little is known of the impa ct of the police organization upon officers' psychological well-being. This study evaluated the impact on psychological health of both traumatic and organizational police experiences. Baseline measures of prior traumatic experiences, and psychological health were established at point of entry for 512 police recruits. One year later, the impact of police related trauma and organizational events was assessed. Multiple regression analyses determined that while both traumatic events and organizational stressors affected psychological distress, organizational stressors had the strongest effect, including the exacerbation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. The main implication of these findings is that traumatic stress is a hazard for police officers, but the importance of daily organizational stressors must also be taken into account.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Huddleston", "given" : "Lynne", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix " : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Stephens", "given" : "Christine", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Paton", "given" : "Douglas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Work (Reading, Mass.)", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "page" : "199-207", "title" : "An evaluation of traumatic and organizational experiences on the psychological health of New Zealand police recruits.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "28" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=28ed5e83-d46b-49bc-a07a-1db5a3c1015c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-lan guage/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Huddleston, Stephens, Paton, 2007).Moreover, firefighting is also among one of the most emotionally traumatic and life-threatening occupations. The high stress levels that these firefighters encounter frequently might lead to PTSD, emotional problems, physical illness, poor inter-family affiliations, chemical dependency, and divorce. The lack of support from the public and compassion by business officials, government agencies, and the citizens for the dangers these firefighters go through and the common negative editorial reporting by the media adds to their level of anxiety. In addition, these firefighters are not equipped with any support or training on how to manage psychologically with traumatic stress. Even though there are some advances in the fire prevention technology like sprinkler systems, smoke detectors, and flame retardant building materials, firefighting as an occupation is still considered highly stressful and hazardous. T hey are still at a greater risk of death and injury that any other professions due to the intense heat and flames, "flammable, poisonous, or explosive chemicals and gases, or other harmful materials. Moreover, firefighters are usually the first to arrive at suicidal scenes, violence scenes like school shooting, bombings, rapes, and assault, among others, and accident scenes ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1037/a0026414", "ISBN" : "1541-1559\r1939-148X", "ISSN" : "1541-1559", "PMID" : "22449083", "abstract" : "Firefighters are exposed to a range of potentially traumatic stressors, yet studies examining the impact of this exposure are equivocal. Although some studies suggest increased risk for mental health problems, others suggest unusual resilience. Type of assessment methodology may contribute to the lack of consistent findings. We assessed 142 trauma-exposed, professional firefighters utilizing a standardized clinical intervie w and self-report measures and found low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses (4.2%), and depressive, anxiety, and alcohol-abuse symptoms. Frequency of trauma exposure did not predict psychological symptoms. Perceived social support, occupational stress, coping, as well as the interaction between perceived social support and self-blame were significant predictors of symptoms. Firefighters reporting low-perceived social support and high self-blame demonstrated the highest levels of clinically significant symptoms. These findings may inform education, treatment, and resilience training for emergency personnel.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Meyer", "given" : "Eric C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zimering", "given" : "Rose", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Daly", "given" : "Erin", "non -dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Knight", "given" : "Jeffrey", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamholz", "given" : "Barbara W.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gulliver", "given" : "Suzy Bird", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Psychological Services", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "1-15", "title" : "Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms in trauma-exposed firefighters.", "type" : "article", "volume" : "9" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=2b138a38-2dd6-4114-ad3e-f8c9138e7446" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Meyer et al., 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Meyer et al., 201...

Children At Risk For Late Onset Diseases - 3939 Words

Many parents claim that they should have the right to have their children tested for any late-onset diseases if that child is at risk. The professional consensus of most medical professionals (Kopelman), do not agree and claim that testing children for late-onset diseases not only affects the child in a negative manner, but also negatively influences the parents’ relationship with that specific child (Davis). I argue that children at risk for late-onset disorders, such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease, should not be tested for such genetic markers at the request of their parents. The decision to test a child for a late-onset disease restricts the child’s right to an open future (Davis). These diseases will affect that child as an adult and, as an adult, the child should have the right to choose for themselves whether they want to be tested or not. Not only does testing children for late-onset diseases restrict the child’s future, but it also leaves a significant impact on the child to parent relationship which is vital for development throughout the early stages of life (Davis). Oftentimes, the parents find themselves treating a â€Å"diseased† or â€Å"affected† child with more care and precaution in comparison to their other children (Kopelman), as if the â€Å"diseased† child is fragile. However, parents who claim late-onset disease testing for their children should be an option also have strong objections to this professional consensus. Objections include the idea that theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Group B Streptoccus In Neonates1051 Words   |  5 Pagesinvasive infection (VanMeter, 2016, pg.389). Some risk factors may include premature labor, water breaking 18 hours before delivery and a high fever during labor. 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Constrast and Comparison of Gandhi, Malcolm X, and Martin...

Violence/Nonviolence Violence is an unjust and unwarranted exertion of force or power. It is a tactic to abuse or violate another being. Many people have thought this notion wrong and used nonviolent methods to go against their oppressor and successfully overcome them. Some of these individuals are Gandhi, M.L. King, and Malcolm X. Mohandas Gandhi was such a pious individual and used only nonviolence (ahimsa) to gain recognition and defeat his usurpers. His first concept was known as the law of love, the force of nonviolence is infinitely more wonderful and subtle than the material forces of nature, like, for instance, electricity (Pg. 626, 2nd paragraph on column 2). Gandhi explains that spiritual love runs like electricity.†¦show more content†¦All three of these individuals believe that if there is unjust done to individuals, they have the right and take the opportunity to do something about it rather than sit down and do nothing. They all care about individuals rights are willing to show a path for people to follow in order for others to save themselves. Despite their similar beliefs that individuals should win victory over their oppressors, I mostly agree with Martin Luther Kings position. The use of agape and an individual being able to win double victory is really outstanding and seems very logi cal. Although King created concepts extracted from the teachings of Gandhi, he had also used methods of Jesus. Gandhi talks about his law of love and cycle of violence, but doesnt stress on the notion of the sacredness of life. King, on the other hand, explains the difference between love and like and how a person disrespects themselves if they cannot respect others. Malcolm X is a whole other story next to Martin Luther King. Both these men have different views on how to approach the oppressor. King believes we must love all human beings even if they commit bad deeds and individuals must think with good means to have better ends. Malcolm, on the other hand, says its okay to fight back to bring justice if injustice was done to them. I, myself, am one of those individuals who wouldnt act violently towards others even in

Lebanon Essay Example For Students

Lebanon Essay LebanonLebanon, a nation that once proudly called itself the Switzerland of the MiddleEast, is today a country in name only. Its government controls little more thanhalf of the nations capital, Beirut. Its once-vibrant economy is a shambles. And its society is fragmented so fragmented, some believe, that it may beimpossible to re-create a unified state responsive to the needs of all itsvaried peoples. Lebanon lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranea n Sea, in that part ofsouthwestern Asia known as the Middle East. Because of its location at thecrossroads of Asia, Europe, and Africa Lebanon has been the center of commerceand trade for thousands of years. It has also been on the route of numerousconquering armies. With an area of 4,015 square miles, Lebanon is one of the smallest countries inthe Middle East. It is smaller than every state in the United States exceptDelaware, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Lebanon is sandwiched between Syria inthe north and east and Israel in the south. The maximum distance from thenations northern border to the southern one is only 130 miles. And the maximumdistance from the Mediterranean Sea to the Lebanon-Syria border is 50 miles. Inthe south, along the border with Israel, Lebanons eastern border is only 20miles from the sea. Although a tiny land, Lebanon boasts a great diversity in its landscape whichmakes it one of the most picturesque countries in the world. The coast line isbr oken by many bays and inlets of varying size. At some points, the mountainswade silently right into the sea then climb suddenly tier on tier away fromthe Mediterranean to the sky. Because of the limitation of flat agriculturalland, all but the steepest hillsides have been patiently and neatly terraced andplanted with garlands of twisted grapevines. The mountains lend a great varietyof hues pale pink, rosy red, forest green or deep purple to the landscape. Depending on the time of day, they never appear the same twice, and from time totime whipped white clouds hide all except their snow-capped peaks. Even on thedarkest night, the lights of the villages perched on the mountains shine insmall clusters as a reminder of their presence. On c loser view, the mountainsbecome a jumble of giant gorges, many of them over a thousand feet deep, withrocky cliffs, steep ravines and awesome valleys. These unassailable bastionshave offered a secure hideaway, throughout history, for hermits and persecutedgroups seeking refuge. Lebanon has four distinct geographical regions: a narrow but fertile coastalplain; two roughly parallel mountain ranges that run the full length of thecountry the Lebanon, which rises in the west to an alpine hei ght of 11,000feet while the eastern range, the anti-Lebanon, is crowned magestically by thesnow-capped Mount Hermon at 9,232 feet. The two chains of mountains shelterbetween them a well-cultivated plateau extending seventy miles in length andfifteen miles in width. This tableland is called the Bekaa. This is a fertilestrip of land 110 miles long and six to ten miles wide. Zahle, the third largestcity in the country, is in the valley. The countrys two most important rivers,the Litani and the Orontes, rise in the northern Bekaa near Baalbek, a city thatdates to Roman times. The Litani flows southwest through the Bekaa Valley andthen empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Its waters are used forirrigation, so it becomes a mere tr ickle by the time it gets to the s ea. TheOrontes rises not far from the Litani, but it flows northward between the twomountain ranges, wending its way into Syria. Beyond the Bekaa and the anti-Lebanon mountains, the Syrian desert only stretches east f or about 800 miles tothe valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This geography has been adetermining factor for millenia in keeping Lebanon turned toward the West. The landscape cannot be described without mentioning the most celebrated tree of Lebanon, the cedar. Called by the Lebanese Cedar of the Lord, this famedtree retains somewhat of a sacred aura this day. It has become the symbol ofLebanon and appears in the center of the flag, on the coins, and often onpostage stamps. Since an cient times the cedar constituted a valuable exportwhich provided King Solomon with timber for the construction of his Temple, thePhoenicians with wood for their seafaring galleys , the Egyptians with lumberfor their palaces. Unhappily only a few grov es of these stately trees havesurvived the ax of the builder, the seeker of fuel, or the hunger of goats. Cedars generally grow on the highest mountain tops so it is not surprising tofind an ancient grove of 450 trees nestled under the highest peak. Th is grove,the only remaining large one, may be seen as small dark specks on the bare faceof the mountain side from a distance of many miles. A few of the existing treesmay be 1,000 years old, and it is estimated that twenty of them have grown formore than 400 years. The largest measure about twelve feet in circumference,eighty feet in height and their branches spread an unbelievable 100 feet. Ethics and elsewhere EssayAnother major Moslem force in the country and a constant threat to it arethe 500,000 Palestinian refugees and the remnants of the PLO. Their le ader,Yassir Arafat, and thousands of his troops were forced out of Beirut by theIsraelis in 1982 and out of Tripoli by Syrian-backed PLO dissidents in 1983. Thedissident PLO forces no longer recognize Arafat as their leader because of hislack of mili tancy in the fight with Israel. The Syrians, in addition tocontrolling these dissident members of the PLO, also control the 3,500-manPalistine Liberation Army. The Christians, who in 1932 made up a majority of the Lebanese population, arenow only about 44 percent of the population. The largest Christian sect andthus far the dominant one in the nations political and economic life are theMaronites. They number about 580,000 and make up 38 percent of the Christianpopulation and 17 percent of the national population. The Phalange party, headed by Pierre Gemayel, is the most important Maronitepolitical group. The Phalangist militia is the largest of the Christian militias. It controls East Beirut, the area along the coast just north of the capital, andsome areas in southern and central Lebanon. This militia has been heavily armedby the Israelis. Each of these peoples has played an important role in Lebanese history. Moslemsand Christians have lived in harmony for long period s of time, but they havefrequently engaged in bitter warfare, much as we are seeing today. For nearly a decade this hapless nation has suffered continuous civil war amongits various religious and ethnic groups. It has been invaded twice by Israel,which now controls all of southern Lebanon, and it has been occupied by Syria,which controls most of eastern and northern Lebanon. Nearly 500,000 Palestinians refugees from the Arab-Israeli wars live in Lebanon, where they have formeda state with in a state. And a succession of peacekeeping forces Arab,United Nations, and Western have not only failed to establish peace, but haveexacerbated the already horrific situation. Why havent the Lebanese people been able to put aside their sec tariandifferences to work toward a stable government that represents all of thepeople? The complete answer to this question lies deep within the unique historyof Lebanon. In 1943, the year that France, which ruled Lebanon as a League ofNations manda te, reluctantly gave the nation its independance. As independenceapproached, the nations two most populous and powerful sects, the Maronites andthe Sunnis, formulated what is known as the National Pact an unwrittenagreement that spelled out the cou ntrys political makeup as well as itsgeneral orientation in foreign affairs. The National Pact allocated political power to Lebanons religious sects on thebasis of population. The census in 1932 showed that the Christians had themajority with j ust over 50 percent of the population. As a result, it wasagreed that the President of Lebanon would always be a Maronite Christian andthe prime minister would always be a Sunni Moslem. Other important positionswere given to other sects. The Preside nt of the Chamber of Deputies, forexample, would always be a Shiite Moslem and the defense minister would be aDruse. In addition, the Christians were to have six seats in Parliment for everyfive seats held by Moslems. This system guaranteed the Maron ite Christianscontrol of Lebanon. This system worked well enough for fifteen years. From 1943 until 1958 thenations economy boomed and Beirut was transformed into the showcase city of theMediterranean. The government seemed stable enough, but th ere were problemsboiling beneath the surface and in the mid-1950s the system began to come apart. For one thing, the Moslems, especially the poorer Shiites, had a substantiallyhigher birthrate than the Christians; many people believed that the Shiites hadsurpassed the Maronites in population. But the Christians would not allow a newcensus to be taken, for this would have meant a reallocation of the nationspolitical power, with the Moslem sects gaining at the expense of the Christians. With their hopes for political gains dampened, the Shiites became disenchanted. Why is this once prosperous nation on the verge of total collapse? There are anumber of reasons, but the primary one is that the Lebanese people belong to atleast fifteen differe nt religious sects and their loyalty to these sects isgreater than their loyalty to a united Lebanon. Had the peoples sense ofnationhood been stronger, they would not have suffered the destruction of thepast decade. History

Zulu Clan Essays - Zulu People, Shaka, Mfecane, Zulu Language

Zulu Clan In the 1820's, during a period of social unrest and warfare, the Zulu clan, a Bantu people, rose to political prominence under the great King Shaka in present-day South Africa. This period is called mfecane, or crushing because it was characterized by Shaka's tyrannous reign during which he conquered neighboring peoples and established a kingdom for the Zulu people on South Africa's eastern coast. The word zulu was used in 1824 to refer to a war-like race of South African Blacks. (Ngubane, 1977) The British characterization of Shaka as a monster, however, is now seen as a propagandist attempt to disguise their own interests in procuring land and labor in the region. In fact, much of the violent disruption and displacement of people was probably due to European intervention with the slave trade and their demands for land, cattle. Nonetheless, Shaka is called by many the Black Napoleon because of his short-lived, but impressive, period of glory. This period of greatness came to an end with the eventual defeat of King Shaka and the annexation of the Zulu kingdom to Natal, the British state on the eastern coast. (Ngubane, 1977) The Zulu people are now enmeshed in South Africa's modern, industrial economy and society, with the largest population of them still in the region of KwaZulu Natal on the eastern coast. There has been an adaptation of traditional beliefs to allow for Christian, medical, agricultural, mechanical and other rational, scientific approaches of the Europeans. However, despite the cultural diffusion of Western thought and religion among the Zulu people, traditional thinking, according to Berglund (1976), is not only still very much present in Zulu society, but is receiving more and more attention especially by those who live in rural areas. Perhaps the survival of indigenous belief systems is due in part to the fact that in times of crisis, people turn to tradition as a comfort and as a means of unifying themselves. Considering the social trauma associated with colonialism and apartheid the Zulu responded by clinging more tenaciously to their heritage as a means of psychological survival in a society which systematically degraded and disrespected them as a people. Berglund (1976) points out that it is the rituals and symbols of a society which express the relationships between members of that society and makes living in that society a meaningful experience. The focus of this paper will be centered on traditional Zulu spiritual beliefs and, to whatever extent possible, not those adapted to Western thought. In providing first the basic cosmological beliefs and then moving on to the central theme of traditional spiritual beliefs involving deceased ancestors and their role in Zulu society, my goal will be to demonstrate how social harmony is maintained as a result of the observance of these spiritual beliefs and practices. According to traditional belief, uMveliqangi, the Lord of the Sky, emerged full-blown from the reeds in the realm of the sky. Man later emerged from the reeds and was let down to earth through a hole in the floor of the sky. This explains the origin of the Zulu clan name, zulu meaning of the sky. The Lord of the Sky then sent a chameleon down to earth to tell the people that they will not die. Later on, he sent a lizard to tell the people they will die and, since the chameleon had stopped to feed on some berries along the way, the lizard easily overtook him and delivered his message of death first. When the chameleon later arrived, the people wouldn't believe him and thus, humans are mortal. (Ngubane, 1977) The traditional concept of the sky is interesting, according to myth the sky is a big blue rock stretched across the surface of the earth (which is flat). The earth is held up on the horns of four great bulls who at times, cause earthquakes by shaking their heads. The realm of the sky is believed to have perpetual light which filters through the floor of the sky at night (we see these holes of light as stars). These holes are made by the Lord of the Sky's cattle as they tramp on muddy ground during the rainy season. This is regarded as proof

Free Essays on An Awakening That Changed My Life

An Awakening That Changed My Life Over the 20 year span of my life, there have been times I’ve looked back on particular situations I struggled with and instantly get an understanding of what I should have done or a realization of what was really going on. Most of them have been small things that alone are trivial, but the combination of many led me to powerful awakening. Only this year can I truly say all the pieces seemed to fit, but about a year ago I came to find that all the things I thought were pertinent to a happy life, were superficial and completely unrelated to who I am as a person. Today I appreciate the little things in daily life and am blessed to have many friends I never would have talked to years ago. I was born in Beverly Hills California and raised mostly in an affluent area of Dallas called Highland Park. This was a setting that gave me almost no chance of seeing that everyone else was not like me. I come from a loving grounded family who always strived to instill in me the beliefs that no one is better than anyone else and that my life was not the norm. Still, everyone else around me was like me and nobody showed any appreciation for what they had and had little or no room for those who fell short of â€Å"perfect.† I never tried to be popular so I couldn’t understand people who obviously tried so hard. Starting in middle school I became a completely self-absorbed, egotistical bitch. I was nice to people outside my group of friends but I don’t think it was with any sincere kindness. I was a bitch to my family, especially my two years younger sister. She wasn’t like me. She hated Highland Park, thought everyone was snobby and continually cr iticized her and always tried to tell what she needed to do to be like me. After all, I was happy right? I couldn’t have been truly happy with myself because everything I was doing was self-destructive. Looking back, how could I have loved myself, I di... Free Essays on An Awakening That Changed My Life Free Essays on An Awakening That Changed My Life An Awakening That Changed My Life Over the 20 year span of my life, there have been times I’ve looked back on particular situations I struggled with and instantly get an understanding of what I should have done or a realization of what was really going on. Most of them have been small things that alone are trivial, but the combination of many led me to powerful awakening. Only this year can I truly say all the pieces seemed to fit, but about a year ago I came to find that all the things I thought were pertinent to a happy life, were superficial and completely unrelated to who I am as a person. Today I appreciate the little things in daily life and am blessed to have many friends I never would have talked to years ago. I was born in Beverly Hills California and raised mostly in an affluent area of Dallas called Highland Park. This was a setting that gave me almost no chance of seeing that everyone else was not like me. I come from a loving grounded family who always strived to instill in me the beliefs that no one is better than anyone else and that my life was not the norm. Still, everyone else around me was like me and nobody showed any appreciation for what they had and had little or no room for those who fell short of â€Å"perfect.† I never tried to be popular so I couldn’t understand people who obviously tried so hard. Starting in middle school I became a completely self-absorbed, egotistical bitch. I was nice to people outside my group of friends but I don’t think it was with any sincere kindness. I was a bitch to my family, especially my two years younger sister. She wasn’t like me. She hated Highland Park, thought everyone was snobby and continually cr iticized her and always tried to tell what she needed to do to be like me. After all, I was happy right? I couldn’t have been truly happy with myself because everything I was doing was self-destructive. Looking back, how could I have loved myself, I di...

A Separte Peace Essay Essay Research Paper

A Separte Peace Essay Essay, Research Paper In life, historical events frequently play an of import function in a individual s life. Many times people can drastically hold a alteration of sentiment over dark. In A Separate Peace, the whole ambiance at the Devon School changed as World War II progressed. The male childs either thirstily awaited bill of exchange, preferred to enlist in the country of war they wanted, or did non desire to travel at all. The pupils at the school were forced to make activities for enjoyment since old 1s could non be played because of deficiency of stuffs. When a friend returns from the war, the male childs at Devon got a existent sense of what the war was like. The male childs learned that traveling to war was non all merriment and games like they had anticipated. The influence World War II had on the characters in A Separate Peace and life at the Devon School, was clearly depicted through their actions and activities. The beginning of the novel allows the reader to acquire a feel of what the Devon School was like during that clip period. Students of war age were invariably go forthing Devon to travel to the war, either by pick or by bill of exchange. Whether childs wanted to travel or non, the expectancy was ever present. As winter approached the Devon school, so was the infringing shadow of the war. The male childs were called out to assist shovel free a troop train trapped by snow-blocked paths. The experience # 8220 ; brings the war place # 8221 ; for all of them, and they realized they would hold to confront a important determination really shortly. Maturity leaps upon them, whether they # 8217 ; re ready for it or non, at the stamp age of 17. The exhilaration of the war had gotten to everybody at the school, including the staff, and made it a helter-skelter topographic point. The male childs were able to acquire away with disobeying the regulations. Many pupils cut category, and left schoo l evidences frequently and were non penalized. When Leper returned from the war the male childs realized that take parting in the war wasn t all merriment and games, and that a batch of bad things happened. When Leper told Gene how he had been discharged on charges of insanity, Gene blew up at Leper. Gene had thought the war was a good topographic point, and the impression of a Section Eight Discharge was non what he wanted to hear. It wholly ruined Gene s ideas and his hopes. Gene was wholly set on enlisting in the ground forces, to see what so many other s were sing, until Leper informed him of the war s negative facets. Leper, more defeated than anyone, did non portion his ground for returning place with everyone. He was ashamed, and did non desire to portion the horrors of war with everyone. Scarcity of popular stuffs made it hard for the male childs at Devon to go on with some normal activities. Finny, the athletic male child he was, made up Blitzball, a game named after the celebrated Blitzkrieg ( a German war maneuver ) . The game of class was successful in maintaining the male childs busy. Along with athletic creative activities, the male childs started a nine called The Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session, a nine which about six male childs signed up for. The nine met about every dark, and had particular inductions for the members. The nine was designed to give the male childs something to make because they were unable to take part in the regular things they did. The male childs at Devon were non holding the same sort of school twelvemonth that they had had in the yesteryear. Partially because of an interuption in their day-to-day lives. World War II had a strong influence on life in the novel A Separate Peace. The writer displays the influence through the character s actions and activities. The pupils at the Devon School were overwhelmed with the thought of war, and were thirstily expecting their going to an country of it. However, when a good friend returned from the war with a different thought of how it was, the male childs rethought their avidity. The male childs were forced to do up games and such to take part in to maintain them occupied when they weren t perusal. This novel showed that like with other major historical events, war can wholly change a manner of life, altering everything from personalities to activities.

Movie Carrie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carrie - Movie Review Example On one hand, he understands that Carrie White's night of revenge is motivated by the brutality of her classmates. On the other hand, his exoneration of Carrie is equalled in his contempt for the boy-men, girl-women who torment her. King's truest sympathies are always with the high school rejects; they are not only victimized by the cruelty of the majority, but because of their status as pariahs they often possess a level of intelligence and sensitivity sadly missing in their more popular peers. Carrie becomes doubly pitiful, because ... she can only wait to be saved or damned by the actions of others. Her only power is her telekinetic ability, and movie eventually arrives at the same point: King seems most unfavorably inclined toward the superficially well-adjusted, popular student with an overly active libido and a underdeveloped value system. His class presidents, football quarterbacks, and prom queens bear an unmistakable resemblance to the street punks who attend the same school system as a stopover on their way to jail: both groups of adolescents have completely severed their bonds with childhood innocence. In their vicious lust to exploit sex, alcohol, and violence (for they inhabit an exclusively physical plane of existence), their behavior is modeled on an extreme conception of adulthood. They want all the pleasure of worldly experience, with none of the responsibilities. Thus, they are simply young versions of the corruption which animates King's adult society. Horror films like Carrie is, primarily, produced and consumed by men. Why should this be It would seem that the experience derived from horror fiction (as opposed to the experience of horror in "real life") is peculiarly fascinating to men, or rather to the masculine subject, i.e. the subject constituted as masculine through the particular nature of his/her experience, particularly in early childhood. For the masculine child, the movement away from the mother, expressed as it is through abjection and the passage through the Oedipus complex, seems to be more traumatic than for the feminine child. For the feminine child there remains at least a possibility of reunion with the mother through identification; also, the feminine subject is actively encouraged to retain links with the maternal semiotic through the cultivation of such qualities as "intuition." The masculine subject by contrast depends for his very identity on the effectiveness of his repression of the maternal semiotic and o f desire for the mother. Carrie is dominated by those images of waste, putrefaction and decay which can be associated with abjection: these are, so to speak, the staple of horror. When we think of "the horrid" we picture blood, corpses, the violation of bodily limits. Via these images horror fiction returns us to the scene of primary horror in the abjection of the mother, a scene which, however, particularly for the masculine subject, possesses fascination, the power of the taboo. Images of abjection lead the masculine subject back not only to the movement away from the mother but also to the original repressed desire for the mother, which returns with all the force of the repressed, of that which can be allowed no place in adult life. Carrie seems to be designed

Individual Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Project - Assignment Example Many states in the US adopt different minimum wage laws and as such some may be lower or higher than that prescribed by the Federal minimum wages. The law states that â€Å"when an employee is under both the state and federal minimum wage law, the employee is entitled to receive the higher of the two minimum wages. In this case, Maxim is following the correct guideline of paying the minimum wage of $8.50 per hour. 2. The term exempt employees are categorized under the Fair Labor Standards Act as those receiving salary of not less than $455 per week. Exempt employees according to job titles, are the executives, administrative, professional, computer and outside sales employees who receive compensation of $455 a week or $100,000 a year(Chamberlain, Kaufman & Jones, n.d.) Under the guidelines of the FLSA, the sales associates of Maxim are classified under the non-exempt category because they are inside sales employees, and they still receive $340 a week only ($8.50 x 40 hrs.). Maximâ⠂¬â„¢s Department Supervisors can be classified as exempt employees because they perform supervision over the sales staff and their wage rate amounts to $14.25 per hour, equivalent to$570 a week. The FLSA said that a Supervisor is someone who is doing high level work. It is assumed here, that the Department Supervisors of Maxim may perform either one of the following duties prescribed in the FLSA: interviewing, selecting, and training employees; setting rates of pay and hours of work; maintaining production or sales records (beyond the merely clerical); appraising productivity; handling employee grievances or complaints, or disciplining employees; determining work techniques; planning the work; apportioning work among employees; determining the types of equipment to be used in performing work, or materials needed; planning budgets for work; monitoring work for legal or regulatory compliance; providing for safety and security of the workplace. 3. According to the SSS online, the late st cost of living salary adjustment that becomes effective on December 2011 is 3.6 percent for Social Security benefits and SSI payments. Investopedia defines Costs of Living Adjustment (COLA)† as an adjustment made to social security and supplemental income in order to adjust benefits to counteract inflation†. COLA is usually based on the consumer price index for urban wager earners and wage earners. The average consumer price index as of December 2011 is 3.6 percent (SSS On line) The WEST CPI is 3.4 percent as of October 2011(Bureau of Labor Statistics) Based on this information, computation of the CPI is shown as follows Average consumer price index 3.6 percent West CPI 3.4 percent Difference 0.2 percent Adjustments in COLA took effect in 1975 and do not remain the same for each year. For 2012, SSS online, calculates the maximum monthly Federal amounts for an eligible individual $698, for an eligible individual with an eligible spouse $ 1,048 and for an essential pers on $3350 In this context, the Average Consumer price index as computed by the SSI should be followed. 4. The index of job classes in Portland does not provide an exact job title for Sales Associate and Department Supervisor. (Listing of job classes, 2011) However, similar level of jobs exist in in

A Lesson Before Dying :: essays research papers

The lady that appears after the first 100 pages of the book turns out to be Vivian, Grant’s secret lover. Grant and Vivian take a walk and after their walk they visit Grant’s aunt, aunt Emma. Aunt Emma and her friends are very fond of Vivian and they give her many compliments. Aunt Emma, and the reverend go to visit Jefferson and they find that Grant’s previous account of Jefferson’s recovery was lie; Jefferson still eats and behaves like a “hog';. Aunt Emma and the reverend confront Grant regarding his faulty account of Jefferson’s recovery. Once again, Grant visits Jefferson and tries to convince him that he is not a hog and he is a man. After a couple more visits from the ladies and Grant, the chapter ends off with the whole town watching a Christmas play on the birth of Jesus. After the play, Grant is tired of watching the same play and seeing the same people dressed in the same kinds of clothing year after year. The hermeneutic view means the dominant interpretation to a text. In “A Lesson Before Dying,'; they end off the chapter with a Christmas play about the birth of Jesus. This is significant because Christmas to Christian’s is a symbol of birth. This could mean that there might be new hope for Jefferson. This is because Jefferson is currently on death row. Christmas does not symbolize death, but symbolizes birth. This could mean that Jefferson could get a new chance in life or at least will not be executed in the near future. Another important point is that everyone knew that this play is dedicated to Jefferson/. This could mean that the whole community is praying for Jefferson. The reverend started to pray and asked God to watch over everyone including the ones in jail who were innocent or guilty. At the end of this, Grant says, “Vivian said things were changing. But where were they changing?'; This is an important quote because Vivian might be implying that racism is beginning to stop, but Grant cannot see these changes. He only sees racism as a part of life. According to the political view, there is a hierarchical structure underneath the construction of race. When Grant has a talk with his teacher, his teacher said, “I am superior to you. I am superior to any man blacker than me.'; His teacher is possibly implying that lighter skin color is racially superior in society.

Effects of Parental Death

The Effects of Parental Death and its causes On Their Children’s Behaviors. By Tameka L. Flynt A paper presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST 5006 – Survey of Research Methodology Capella University May 2010 Address: P. O. Box 1987 Griffin, GA 30223 Phone: 678-588-9932 Email: [email  protected] com Instructor: Trent Nguyen Abstract The purpose of this study is to review literature related to the effects of parental death on children. Children who experience the death of a parent is considered an at risk population for psychological, behavioral, and social problems.There are many factors relating to the way children adjust to parental death. Some of these factors include the age of the child, the gender of the child, the circumstances surrounding the death (accidental, expected, or violent death), the adjustment of the surviving caregiver, etc. Children who experience the accidental or violent death of a parent are more at risk to develop psycholog ical problems, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, than those children who experience the expected death of a parent. Table of Contents Abstract2 Table of Contents3 Introduction4 The Statement of the Problem5Review of Literature5 Qualitative Research5 Quantitative Research9 Conclusion14 Annotated Bibliography15 Introduction Four percent of youth in the United States lose at least one parent by age fifteen (Samide & Stockton, 2002). The Death of a parent is a major and devastating event for a child. It can affect a child’s psychological and social development, which can lead to low academic performance and behavior problems. Everyday someone dies whether it’s from a sudden death such as a car accident, a natural disaster, and violence or an expected death such as long term illnesses.Many people that die have at least one child that live in the home under the age of eighteen. Understanding how the children are affected by parental death is importan t for developing effective prevention and interventions strategies that can be used by children counselors, social workers, and school counselors. Studies have been done to understand how these children are affected but there is room for further research. The Research questions that guided this research for the review of literature include: 1. Does the cause of death have a different effect on the way children grieve or adjust to life without their parent? . What are the most common problems children experiences after the death of a parent? 3. How are children affected by parental death? 4. What are the needs of children who experience parental death? The Statement of the Problem This research proposes to identify the different effects parental death has on children and the factors (cause of death, age of child, gender of child, gender of surviving parent, etc) that relates to the adjustment of the child to the death of a parent. Review of Literature Qualitative ResearchHope and Hat e (2006) performed a qualitative study to explore the factors that affect children’s adjustment to the death of a parent. The authors of this study reviewed literature and found that many factors contribute to the way children adjust to parental death. Previous research shows that children experience distress related to the loss of a parent. Factor that affect the way a child adjust includes the age of the child, the sex of the child, circumstances of death, relationship to the deceased parent, adjustment to the remaining caregiver, & participation in post death rituals such as funerals.Other studies have compared the adjustment of children who have lost a parent to suicide to those who have lost a parent to terminal illness. Hope and Hodge (2006) conducted this study to obtain insight from social workers who work with childhood grief. They interviewed five social workers asking questions related to the adjustment of children who lost a parent. They focused on the age of children, the sex of children, the circumstances of death (sudden or expected), and adjustment of the current caretaker. They focused on these factors because they found that these were the most common studied but the findings are the most contradictory.After interviewing the social workers Hope and Hodge (2006) found that they had observed similar patterns regarding the factors that affect the adjustment of children who lost a parent to death. Boys tend to show externalizing behaviors whereas girls tend to show internalizing behaviors due to the lost of a parent. They found that the cognitive level rather than the age of the child affects their adjustment more. Therefore younger children and preadolescents seem to have more difficulty adjusting to the death of a parent than adolescents.The results did not support earlier findings that sudden death present more difficulty adjusting than expected death. Most of the participants reported that sudden and expected death is equally traum atic to children. The participants also said that the adjustment of the caretaker is important for a positive adjustment for the children. The caretaker must be able to grieve while supporting the child’s need to grieve. This study shows that children of different ages and genders react different to the death of a parent. The authors of this study choose to perform a qualitative study because of the small number of participants.The sample was collected purposefully to focus on what social workers experienced when working with bereaved children. The methods used in this study limits generalizability. The participants all live in the same are of Virginia, therefore it is questionable if the results would be the same all over the country. It also focused on one culture so the results can be different with other cultures the authors also realized that the interviews may have been biased because of the answers that were given and the styles and opinions of the interviewer.Through this study social workers can gain a better understanding of how children adjust to the death of a parent so they can develop intervention strategies when working with these families. Children who witness the homicide of a parent are becoming more common in the United States today. There is very little research done that evaluates the children after such a traumatic event. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert (1994) conducted a qualitative study where they performed a psychiatric evaluation of children who witness the homicide of a parent. They interviewed 55 children and adolescents between the ages of 3 to 17 in Los Angeles.They interviewed children from hours to weeks after the homicide to study the child’s immediate response. They also interviewed children who had witness the homicide years earlier to study the continued impact of the event. The purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of the nature of child’s experience of trauma, the influence of development phase on symptoms expression, and the interaction of grief and trauma (Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert, 1994). The results of the interviews indicate that children who witness the violent death of parent results in a variety of juvenile post-traumatic stress.The interviews also suggest that the developmental phase of the child influences the development of post-traumatic stress. These interviews suggest that witnessing a homicide impairs the child’s ability to grieve because they tend to focus on the mode of death which disrupts thoughts about the deceased. The sample in this study is small so it only represents a small population. The limitations also include the fact that the study was only performed in a specific community therefore it limits the generalizability of the study.The sample was selected purposefully because they chose to focus only on children who witness the homicide of a parent. Eppler (2008) performed a study to explore the themes of resilie ncy in children after the death of a parent. After the death of a parent many children experience difficulty grieving. They may experience feelings such as shock, guilt, and anger. They may lash out at their peers for a topic other than death. Eppler (2008) reviewed several literature related to bereaved children and their experiences. He found that children who experienced the lost of a parent display lower levels of self esteem and self efficacy.The purpose of this study was to explore qualities of resiliency in children. The research question that guided this study was â€Å"What resilience factors are identifiable in the stories of grieving children? † (Eppler, 2008). The sample included 12 bereaved children who loss a parent within the past 36 months. The children were between the ages of 9 and 12 years old. There were 7 female and 5 male participants. The sample was collected purposefully to broaden the understanding of children who experience grief. The participants we re individually interviewed after gaining the parent’s or guardian’s written consent.The children were asked questions related to life before the death, how they found out about the death, their current situations, and what they thought would happen in the future. They were asked to write their stories after answering the questions. The author analyzed the data by reading and rereading the transcripts, notes, and stories. He also increased validity by directly quoting the participants. Eppler (2008) found that sadness was the dominate theme reported when a parent dies. The children in this study also reported that they see themselves as happy, nice, helpful, normal, and fun.Most of the children reported that they had support from immediate family, extended family, school, and some peers. Children that reported a full range of emotions and a support system did not seem to focus on sadness, fear, anger, and isolation. Limitations of this study include that children from one developmental age group participated in the study. There should be studies done to examine resilient factors in adolescents and younger children. This study is also not generalizable to other ethnic groups because the majority of the sample was White. There was one participant who was African American.It is important that other studies be done to include other ethnic groups. Quantitative Research Children who experience the death of a parent may have problems adjusting to the new lifestyle. They tend to develop psychological and social problems. Children who experience the death of parent through accidental or sudden death may experience depression symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. A longitudinal study conducted by Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker (2009) examined the effects of grief on children 21 months after parental death. A previous study was conducted by them nine months after the death of a parent.The questions that guided this study is 1) what are the predictors and pathways of depression and post traumatic stress disorder in parentally bereaved children and 2) does children of parents who died of suicide, accidents, or sudden natural death show a difference in the incidence and course of depression. Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, & Walker (2009) hypothesized that youth who lost a parent to death would continue to show a higher prevalence and symptom severity of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder than non bereaved children 21 months after the death of a parent.They also hypothesized that children who parents died by suicide would show higher prevalence of depression and that predictors would include stressful life events, negative coping, low social support, and prior history of depression. The sample consisted of 176 children of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death and 168 children of parents who both are still alive. The participants were recruited through coroner’s reports and newspaper advertise ments. The participants were interviewed two times, once at nine months after the death and once at 21 months after the death.They were assessed on socioeconomic status and household income, psychiatric disorders, experiences surrounding the death, severity of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation, and family cohesion, social support, coping, and self-esteem. The results supported the hypothesis that parentally bereave children would show a higher prevalence of depression and post traumatic stress disorder than non-bereaved children. Children whose parents died by suicide and accidents showed a higher rate of major depression than the comparison group (Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker, 2009).They found that the incidence of PTSD was higher in the bereaved group than the comparison groups during the first nine months but not during the 21 month follow up. The rate of incident depression was higher in the children who lost a parent to suicide than in those who lost a parent to sudden natural death which supports the second hypothesis made by the authors. One limitation of the study is that the majority of the subjects is Caucasian and does not include homicides therefore it limits the generalizability.Although the participants were randomly selected the Hawthorne effect could have took place. Participants that knew they are a part of a study could have act differently. A study conducted by Raveis, Siegel, & Karus (1998) conducted a study to examine the potential predictors of children’s psychosocial adjustment to parental death. The predictors examined include the child’s age, child’s gender, deceased parent gender, time since death, length of illness, presence of siblings, and parental communication. The authors reviewed literature related to bereaved children.They found that younger children and those in early adolescence appear to have poor adjustment to parental death. They also found some controver sy regarding the child’s gender. Ravels, Siegal, & Karus, (1998) stated that some studies reported that girls are more vulnerable to poor adjustment following the death of a parent where other studies found that boys are more vulnerable to poor adjustment. One study found no difference in gender at all and another study found that the deceased parent gender may affect the way they adjust.The sample used in this study consisted of 83 families with school age children whose parent died of cancer. They conducted interviews with the surviving parent and the child. They also had the child of the deceased parent to complete the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Youths (STAIY) if they were 12 years or older or the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) if they were 11 years or younger. The results of this study suggested that the bereaved children whose surviving parent have an open level of communication have a lo wer level of distress.The gender of the child correlated with depression with girls reporting higher levels of symptom than boys. Anxiety correlated with the age of the child with older children reporting lower levels of anxiety than younger children. One limitation of this study is that it is solely relying on the answers provided by the surviving parent and the children which can become unreliable. Also the families participating in the study is predominantly White and middle or upper class. The socioeconomic factors may affect the children’s adjustment process differently.The last limitation is that the deceased parent died due to cancer. Other causes of death such as accidents, homicides, or other natural illness may yield different results. McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, (2009) conducted a study to evaluated the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children who have lost a parent to death. They compared the results of ch ildren who lost a parent to sudden/violent death to those who lost a parent to expected death.The questions that guided this research are 1) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from Childhood Traumatic Grief (CTG) to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden or violent death, 2) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden and/or violent death, and 3) To what extent do parentally bereaved children experience CTG and PTSD symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7-16.The children completed the University of California at Los Angeles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for DSM-IV to measure PTSD symptoms and the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI) to measure CTG symptoms. The results of this study showed that the incidence of PTSD and CTG was no t different in children who had experienced an expected loss of a parent compared to those who had experienced a violent or sudden death (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). Children who experience both expected and unexpected losses showed signs of PTSD and CTG symptoms. African American children exhibit CTG symptoms at a higher degree than White children.This study suggested that elementary school children have higher CTG symptoms than older children. One limitation is that of generalizability because a purposive sample was used. The sample was recruited from bereavement camps therefore it is likely that those parents who were having more issues with their bereaved child were most likely to register their children up for bereavement camp. Another limitation includes the measurement tool. The EGI is a newly developed instrument and its psychometric properties have not been fully investigated (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). ConclusionUnderstanding how children are affecte d by the death of a parent in essential to those professionals who work with children. Studies have shown that children are indeed affected by the loss of a parent whether it is a sudden death or expected death. Depression symptoms and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms are the most common problems that parentally bereaved children experience. They also experience behavioral problems such as aggression, acting out, lashing out at others, etc. These problems can result in academic problems in school. Parental death not only has immediate effects on children but long term effects as well.There are many factors that affect the way children adjust to parental death including age, gender, adjustment of surviving parent, circumstances of death, etc, professionals working with children needs to understand that all children react different to parental death so the needs of the children are different. Overall children need to be allowed to grieve in their own way, they need to be able t o communicate with the surviving parent about the death, and they need support from others beside family because family members are usually tending to their own grief.The needs of children who experience parental death are important for those professional to develop prevention and intervention strategies to eliminate the development of emotional and social problems. Therefore further researcher is important to develop a better understanding of parentally bereaved children. Annotated Bibliography Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2001). Childhood Bereavement: What School Psychologists Need to Know. School Psychology International , 27 (4), 417-433. This article is a review of literature on children's conception of death, factors influencing the conceptions of death, and reactions to the death of a parent.This article also provides intervention strategies including play therapy, bibliotherapy, and group therapy for school counselors to utilize when working with bereaved children. Brent, D. , Methem, N . , Donohoe, M. B. , ;amp; Walker, M. (2009). The Incidence and Course of Depression in Bereaved Youth 21 Months After the Loss of a Parent to Sucide, Accident, or Sudden Death. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 (7), 786-794. This study was performed to compare the incidence and course of depression between those children who lost a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death.One hundred and twenty six children, ages 7-26, who experienced the death of a parent and 168 non-bereaved children were the participants in this study. Children who loss a parent to death were more vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse. Eppler, C. (2008). Exploring themes of Resiliency in Children Affte the Death of a Parent. Professional School Counseling , 11 (3), 189-196. This is a qualitative study to explore how quickly children recover after the death of a parent. Twelve children, who experienced the death of parent in the past 36 months was interviewed while the session s were recorded.They also were asked to write story about the death of their parent. Sadness was a theme that was reported by all the participants. They also had a range of emotions. Children who have helpful support systems does not focus on sadness or anger but see themselves as happy and normal. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, ;amp; Robert. (1994). Children Who Witness the Homicide of a Parent. Psychiatry , 57 (4), 287. This article is a qualitative study that evaluated children who witness the homicide of a parent. Fifty-five children and adolescents were interviewed.This study showed that children who witness the death of a parent results in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It also showed that the developmental phase of the child effects the PTSD symptoms found in these children. Hope, R. M. , ;amp; Hodge, D. M. (2006). Factors Affecting Children's Adjustment to the Death of a Parent: The Social Work Professional's Viewpoint. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 23 (1), 107. This qualitative study was performed to explore the factors that affect children's adjustment to the death of a parent.The authors interviewed professional social workers with 11/2 to 22 years of experience working with bereaved children. Age, gender, circumstances of the death, and the adjustment of the caregiver are the factors that was explored. The social workers interviewed had similar observations regarding the factors that affect the adjustments of children who experience the loss of a parent. McClatchy, I. S. , Vonk, M. E. , & Palady, G. (2009). The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief- A Comparison of Violent/Sudden and Expeted Loss. Omega , 59 (4), 305-323.This study compared the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of those children who lost a parent to violent/sudden death and those children who expected the loss of a parent. There were 158 children that participated in the study. Sixty-three children lost a parent to expected death and 60 percent of the children lost a parent to a sudden or violent death. The incidence of CTG and PTSD did not differ in children who experienced sudden/violent loss of a parent from those who experienced an expected loss. Ravels, V. , Siegal, K. , & Karus, D. (1999).Children's Psychological Distress Following the Death of a Parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 (2), 165. This article focused on the families with children who had a parent die of cancer. The children psychological distress was examined in this article. The authors of this article focused on the attributes of the family environment and what role it plays in the distress of the child. Another factor is the circumstances surrounding the death of the parent. Eighty-three families participated in this study. The level of distress in the bereaved child was found to be affected by the way the child perceives the surviving parent.Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , Kalter, N. , ;amp; Lohanes, K. (1999). Anticipating Parental Death in Families with Young Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 (1), 39-48. This article focused on the children who are losing a parent to illness and the association of mental health outcomes of these children. The sample included 41 families. The authors of the article interviewed the surviving parent and gave the children self repots to complete. Anticipating the death was associated with better mental outcomes that sudden death according to the authors.

Persuasive Speech On Social Media - 1648 Words

How much time do people spend on a cell phone or computer daily? What percentage of that time is consumed doing things other than scrolling through Instagram, twitter, and Facebook feeds or snap chatting peers? Seventy three percent of wired teens use social media websites (CNN). We live in a society where social media dominates a vast majority of our life. Lapointe Lapointe, through a relatable series of emotional developments, targets teens and families caught up in social media to clearly inform them about the dangers of tech-based social apps and the vitality of monitoring what we say, do and like. Our actions, although they may seem immensely minuscule, have large implications. By using scare tactics, Lapointe’s argument becomes not†¦show more content†¦The reason Lapointe is able to gain the audiences attention is because of her superb use of emotional persuasion. Adding on to her many eloquent ideas, through pathos, Lapointe confirms, â€Å"Social media is th e intoxicatingly enticing world of relational connection that has invaded our culture†(Lapointe Lapointe). Therefore, It is pivotal that in a world that is dominated by technology that individuals are able to create a happy medium and learn to be â€Å"normal† people. People who seek outside connections, friendships, and dialogue. Individuals still existed and still had friends before they were referred to by their Instagram handles and snapchat names. When individuals get so caught up about how many likes they receive on a photo, they are showing high levels of superficial connections and unrealistically bonding over impractical values, for example, celebrity crushes. Once an individual embarks on such a track it is very difficult to backtrack and learn how to formally connect with people, this is something which terrifies many people. Through an emotional appeal, Lapointe compares this to eating habits as she states, â€Å"†¦like having a dessert first- you are no longer interested in the healthy meal that would be face-to-face interactions with the key people in your life†(Lapointe Lapointe). In our world, people enjoy taking the easyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech On Social Media Essay2013 Words   |  9 PagesPurpose: To persuade my audience to minimize their phone usage. Thesis: Stay in the present moment, don’t let yourself believe you’re going to forget a memory because you didn’t document it through social media. Claim: Policy Organizational Pattern: Problem-Solution I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Four Years of your life is wasted to what’s sitting inside all of your pockets right now; your cellphone. 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